Typical descriptions of the First Industrial Revolution mention steam engines applied to the mining in Cornwall and the role of steam power in enabling massive increases in the scale of manufacturing. Footnote 3 The 4IR as a phrase has its roots in early analysis of the evolution of technology where the First Industrial Revolution arose from harnessing water and steam power toward more systematic and efficient forms of manufacturing. Recent white papers describe how the 4IR will “shape the future of education, gender and work” Footnote 1 and how the 4IR will require “accelerating workforce reskilling.” Footnote 2 A full exposition of the schema and framework of the 4IR has been presented in book form with an inventory of some of the key emerging technologies that are thought to drive the 4IR and some societal implications from the 4IR. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is a concept widely discussed at venues such as the World Economic Forum (WEF) at Davos and within business leadership.
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